Science
and travels in the time
________________________________
In a rather strange way, the men of science
seem to know how to "how" go(surrender) to a destination which it(he)
did not determine. While they do not know exactly "where" and
"when" are situated the times of past and of future to
invest(surround), they describe means sophisticated to reach there.
Hyperspace, shortcuts of space-time,
holes of worm, holes
Blacks, white fountains
Most
of the attempts of elaboration of average "realities" to travel in the
time rest(base) on Einstein's theory of relativity. But they lean also and
especially on the " graphic representation ", geometrical, equations
from big learned Swiss naturalized German, namely the geometry of the
space-time of Minkowski. These diagrams
allow to imagine themselves easily of what would consist a movement in the
time. It is because previously, they allowed to imagine themselves clearly of
what consists a movement in the space and the hyperspace.
The
hyperspace is an universe in four spatial dimensions and a temporal dimension,
or a spatial dimension more than our space-time quadridimensionnel.
It
is in this hyperspace, is a space-time in five dimensions, that can be made the
first-rate complete reversal of a sphere.
Minkowski
Hermann
Minkowski's works establish(constitute) so an
important stage in our search. This big mathematician was the professor of Einstein. The lack of enthusiasm of his(her) pupil irritated him(it) as so it
nicknamed Einstein " the lazy dog
". Irony wants whether it is in big part in this " lazy dog "
that Minkowski owes his(her) universal fame.
Minkowski brought a geometrical representation to the equations of Einstein. It is he who developed the notion of space-time and the geometry of
the space-time which describes her(it) - one speaks moreover about geometry of
the space-time of Minkowski-, showing that time
and space formed a "continuum" and were consequently inextricable.
Any event must be situated with three coordinates of space and a coordinated of
time. In this way, one shows clearly the consequences of the character absolved
from the speed of light. It is necessary to remember himself that if Einstein made relative the notions of time and space, it is because had shown
itself a new absolute: speed of light. Indeed, in the end of the 19č century,
the experimenters Michelson and Morley had observed that speed of light was
identical which that is the speed of the repository in which one measures
her(it). Einstein will pull(fire) all the consequences of
this observation by establishing that nothing can exceed speed of light. The
graphs of Minkowski represent the space
crossed(gone through) by the light all the time " t " arbitrarily
small. As one can see him(it) on the figure 1 of the central exercise book, the
distance which can cross(go through) light at the end of some seconds form a
funnel opened upward for future and downward for past. It is very simple to
understand(include). In 3 ", light was able to cross(go through) 900000km
towards the left and 900000km towards the right-hand side - in three
dimensions, it will be in more forwards and the back and upward and the bottom.
More time passes, bigger is the distance which she(it) crosses(goes through) or
which she(it) can cross(go through). So the funnel widens more and more in
time.
In
past, there is 3 ", light could have crossed(gone through) 900000km in
each of directions(managements). But there is 2 ", she(it) could have
crossed(gone through) only 600000km in each of directions(managements), and
there is 1 ", 300000km. The more one gets closer of the present moment,
the less light was able to cross(go through) of space, so more the funnel
narrows. But if one moves back farther in past, the more she(it) can have
crossed(gone through) of space and the more the funnel widens.
An
object not being able to more fast move than light, it will be able to evolve
only within the limits of the funnel. What is except the funnel is inaccessible
him(her). The line which represents the route(course) of an object is called
line of universe. And it is a line of universe of the kind(genre) time. Why?
Because time always passes by for such an object. When the speed increases, its
appropriate(clean) time slows down. When it(he) travels at the speed of light,
the appropriate(clean) time stops(arrests) and its line of universe is then a
line of the kind(genre) light. The line of universe of a particle which would
more fast travel than light would be a line of universe of the kind(genre)
spaces out. We shall see that physicists emitted(uttered) the hypothesis of the
possibility of existence of such particles, as they called up " tachyons ", even though the equations of Einstein forbid their existence.
The
funnel, or "cone of light", represents all the surface or the space parcourable by an object or a person. Naturally, an object is only in a place at
the same moment all the time. The route(course) in the time is so represented
with a more or less straight(right) line - or bent, it is according to -
according to the speed of movement.
The universe in Kurt Gödel's rotation
Kurt Gödel is a mathematician and a contemporary logician of Einstein, with whom he collaborated moreover . It(he) is famous to have
demonstrated that any formal system contained unprovable propositions by the
system in question.
Besides,
intrigued by Einstein , Gödel's theory noticed that if the universe is in
rotation, but not expanding, cones of light can be tilted by such way as one
can travel of cone in cone everything around the universe, until the event of
departure. In other words, one can return in the same place and at the same
moment where from one left, and this without ever travelling more fast than
light.
The
interesting idea of Gödel's departure, it is that the natural tendency of the
force of gravitation to be collected material(subject) and destroy(annul)
itself to be her(it), could be compensated with a centrifugal force provoked by
the rotation of the universe in general. In other words, the force of
attraction gravitationnelle
would be compensated with a force of centrifugal aversion.
Quite
as every observer of the expansion of the universe believes to be in the centre
of expansion of the universe, it(he) believes to be in the centre of
"rotation" of the universe.
According
to Gödel, space-time is pulled(entailed) in the
rotation of the universe.
Let
us take three points in the space of way that the cones of light which are
associated to it are taken away enough one of the other one so that, during a
certain lapse of time, three points can not know anything some of the others
and all the more to exercise any influence the one on the other one, because
the information which themselves they would communicate should then cross part
spaces out and so more fast to travel than light. Naturally, at a certain
moment of future, each of the points will receive information of each of two
others because parts of their cones will become covered; but it will not
authorize in no way any influence in return on the past, which(who) will be
past.
But
if there is a rather fast rotation of the universe, cones can be so oblique as
they come there to overlap, and a point A can go there B or in C without
leaving its future, that is by slimming of universe of the kind(genre) time, -
in other words still, without the line of the kind(genre) time becomes a line
of the kind(genre) spaces out - or without having more fast to go than light.
If one conceives that cones succeed one another everything around the universe,
one can imagine that the traveler A will return in the place and in the moment
from his departure having made a tour of universe which will have maybe taken
millenniums according to clocks taken in the spaceship. Today, it is not
millenniums but about hundred billion of years that would take such a journey.
Regrettably, everything carries(wears) to believe that the universe in general
is not in rotation. Gödel's hypothesis stays it at the stage of the beautiful
theoretical construction.
The cylinder in Franck Tipler's rotation
[1][1]In 1937, the
physicist W.T.V. Stockum proposes a solution
of the problem of the movement in the time in which an infinitely long cylinder
in fast rotation works as a machine to to go back up(raise) time. But even
though it seems that nothing is infinitely long in the nature - although Gott in 1991 emits(utters) the hypothesis of infinitely long ropes-, one did
not prove that a cylinder of finished dimension could not make
affair(business).
Actually,
in 1973 , the American physicist Frank Tipler proposed, in the article " Cylinders in rotation and possibility
of a global violation of the causality ", a theory which did not
require(demand) any more the rotation of all the universe or an infinitely long
cylinder to be able to create a machine to move in the time. The work of Tipler presents the big merit of power be of use of serious base to any future
reflection on the possibility of travelling in the time. Tipler mark out in three stages the road which leads to the mathematical
expression of the " machine to travel in the time ".
At
first, he wonders if equations authorize, in theory, journeys in the
space-time, in which the traveler returns to his point of departure at the same
moment in the space and in the time, a part of the journey having been made
behind in the time. Answer is yes, as proved him(it) besides Gödel, and as will prove him(it) the other physicists as Firebrand Crankcase
and Kip Thorne.
Then,
Tipler wonders if the conditions under which one
travels in a buckle of the kind(genre) time can appear in a natural way in the
universe. Answer is still yes.
Finally,
Tipler asks for if such conditions can be realized
"artificially" namely if it is possible "to build" a
machine to travel in the time. Answer is always yes.
Let
us come there to the development of the arguments of Tipler. The important points of the theory are the rotation of the cylinder
and the fact that this rotation is at the origin of a bare peculiarity. About
what is it? The rotation of the cylinder is directly understandable. On the
other hand, the notion of " bare peculiarity " requires some
explanations. A peculiarity is the point which converges all which falls in a
Black Hole. No shape to be can resist to the forces which are in game in the
peculiarity. The only hope of power to exploit(run) a Black Hole to travel in
the time, it is to find it or to make one of it whose peculiarity is bare, that
is on which(whom) material(subject) will not collapse.
One
can meet such possibilities in the nature, either through the explosion of a
black hole, or when an aggregate of non-spherical material(subject) collapses
on himself(itself) under the influence of the gravitation.
[2][2]When a massive bare
peculiarity and in fast rotation is taken in a field gravitationnel intense, the cones of light which are close to it are hardly tilted. An
observer taken in this field will not see modification of the laws of the
physics, but a remote observer yes. When it(he) is tilted to more than 45 °, a
part of the future of the cone is in past. One can realize it on the figure of
the central exercise book. For an outside observer, the traveler of time, who
can evolve wherever in the part "future" of the cone, is everywhere
at the same moment around the orbit of the bare peculiarity. The voyâgeur can also come down(fall) more and more low in spiral, in past, always
by handing on to the same place, along the axis of time. All this is very
beautiful, but really, one analyzes here only a graph, so equations, in
whom(which) is taken into account " t ", giving the
impression(printing) that past exists at the same time as present. Now, in the
reality, past does not exist.
But
except the fact of knowing if the machine of time exists in the natural state
or if it can be realized in a artificial way, it is necessary indeed to realize
that one can not go back up(raise) infinitely in past in this type of machine.
Only in a past which corresponds at the time of creation of the machine. On the
other hand, all the future is opened to the investigation, what is not already
so bad and creates the surprising situation that future seems to be more
accessible(approachable) than the past. To go back up(raise) far in past, it
would be necessary to discover a machine "to to travel" natural who
already existed, for example , in the time of the Christ, the pyramids or the
dinosaurs, or even in the first times of the universe, what believe possible
certain specialists of the quantum physics.
The
optimists say that if one has not yet received travelers' visit of time, it is
because one has not yet discovered(found) natural or artificial machine -
artificial, that one knows him(it)-, and not because journey in the time is
impossible - contrary to what thought Stephen
Hawking at first.
So,
what we need, it is of a massive and compact cylinder in fast rotation. It is
indispensable condition to create a bare peculiarity, that is on which does not
collapse the material(subject) which it attracts(entices). It is necessary that
the cylinder has 100km of length and enters 10 and 20 km in diameter, with a
mass at least equivalent to that of the sun, with a density of a star to
neutrons, and it is necessary that this cylinder turns on himself(itself) twice
every milliseconde, is three times as fast only that the pulsar milliseconde, that is in the middle of the speed of
light. The pulsar, or star with neutrons, is the densest, the
most massive most compact known, object. Some turn very quickly.
There
is so pulsars " milliseconde " - in fact, they make a tour all the 1,5 milliseconde. But the machine to travel in the time is not still complete. It
remains still to join several stars to neutrons pole with pole to obtain
Tipler's machine. But the difficulties which implies such a realization are
uncountable, maybe insuperable in practice: it is necessary to find ten stars
with neutrons; developed centrifugal force would be so strong as it would
disrupt the cylinder in its width, whereas it would tend to collapse on himself(itself)
in its length. Finally, the field gravitationnel
of several stars would be so strong as they would collapse in a black hole,
unless a field of energy stronger than all which is known at present maintains
the stiff cylinders. The cosmic ropes would seem to hold the rope to maintain
the stiff cylinders and to stop(arrest) their collapse, and would
establish(constitute) ideal material(subject) to keep(guard) opened for a long
time the entrance(entry) of a hole of worm.
Let
us stop(arrest) one moment to make a small critical reflection around the
nature of the mathematical formalism.
The
oblique cone is representation on the graphs of the variable " t "
equations. Equations, and graphs - which are only their geometrical
expression-, do not forbid to treat(manipulate) " t ", it is even
what makes their interest, but representation does not take for all that a real
sense(direction), more than the possibility of association of letters BBCFBAT
gives the sense(direction) to this association, although it is allowed. As well
as the possibility of speaking about ghosts does not confer them existence.
What
we want to say, it is that it is not because language, mathematical in this
particular case, allows to treat(manipulate) and to represent past, because
this past exists really. It is indeed for it that the constant which represents
speed of light is considered as an absolute limit, according to the used
formalism.
Einstein-Rosen's bridge
Before
approaching the other theories of journey in the time, it is necessary to evoke
the propositions of attempts of movement in the space through shortcuts, is
passage in a "Hyperspace", established(constituted) by a fourth
spatial dimension.
In
1936, Einstein and his(her) co-worker Nathan Rosen imagined
a shortcut in the space-time, called " Einstein-Rosen's bridge ", to connect two very remote points in the
universe by a raid in a fourth spatial dimension. In the fifties, the physicist
John Archibald Wheeler will give them the name of " Holes of Worm ".
As the Black Holes, the holes of worm appear in regions of the universe where
space-time is very bent. These Holes of Worm establish(constitute) the
hyperspace, the fourth dimension, beyond, the parallel universe in which would
move the one that travels in a speed superior to that of the light and the
traveler of time. One can see on the figure of the central exercise book the
representation of a Hole of Worm.
Today,
quantum physicists - strange entity actually - emit(utter) the hypothesis that Holes
of Worm would appear and would disappear permanently at level subatomique, in what one calls " quantum space ", where from topology,
that is appear from structures of space-time, different from those of our
space-time. Regrettably, these tiny Holes of Worm have only a life
expectancy(cycle) of the order of the time of Planck, that is extremely short, and allow to pass particles that of the order
of Planck's length, that is extremely small. But we
shall see that the American physicist Kip Thorne tried to resolve this problem.
Let
us open a bracket to show that H.G. Wells had the gift(donation) to anticipate profound theoretical discoveries.
In " A strange phenomenon ", he writes: " Of explanation, it is not
it of likely, otherwise the one that emitted(uttered) the professor Wade. But
she(it) implies a fourth dimension and a theory risked on the different sorts
of spaces. To say that there was a knot in the space seem to me perfectly
absurd, but maybe it is because I am not a mathematician. When I objected that
nothing would change this fact, that two places are separate one of the other
one by a distance of more than 10000 kilometres, he answered me that two points
can be distant from a metre on a paper and however that one can move closer
them by folding simply the paper ". Wells did it(he) know geometries not - euclidiennes?
The " BGT "
Let
us return in our spatiotemporal sheeps.
Within
the framework of the theory of relativity, the machine to travel in the time
consists there a " Buckle of the Kind(genre) Time " , ". It is
the region of space-time so bent that she(it) curls up on herself(itself).
Question is: how to obtain this buckle? We saw that solution proposed by Gödel is not realistic and that that of Tipler is not it any more. The notion of " Black Hole " is going
maybe to help us to get out of embarrassment because the Black Hole, under
certain conditions, can also establish(constitute) him(her) a shortcut in the
space-time.
Term
" Black Hole " was proposed only in 1967 by John A. Wheeler, specialist of the
relativity, but concept precedes the elaboration of the theory of relativity.
Indeed,
English John Michell in 1783 and French Pierre Simon de Laplace in 1796, made
the hypothesis of the existence of bodies so massive as light could not escape
from it. Their reasoning was at the same moment simple and brilliant: it(he)
combined(organized) character finished by the speed of light and the fact that
it is necessary to acquire a big enough speed to escape the attraction gravitationnelle of a body, what one calls "escape speed" - which calculate
the engineers to allow the space probes to leave the ground atmosphere. If the
body is enough massive, light will not be able to escape from it.
The
equations of Einstein will allow to put
back(hand) to the style of the day this idea and to refine the outlines of it.
And so Karl Schwarzschild
showed in 1915, and so at a critical distance of the centre of a very massive
sphere, what one calls Schwarzschild's
beam(shelf), time and space lose their meaning. In 1939, Robert Oppenheimer -
who will steer the scientific team which will finalize(work out) the first atom
bomb, in the Manhattan project - and Nathan
Snyder shows that a star so dense as its beam(shelf) would be lower than that
of Schwarzschild would collapse on herself(itself), forming
an invisible body in the observation: a Black Hole! In this particular case, it
is about a static Black Hole towards the peculiarity - peculiarity is the point
which converges all which falls in the Black Hole - of which converges any
material(subject) which crosses its horizon of events; only this horizon of
events, this border, maybe observed outside. But a static Black Hole does not
possess a Buckle of the Kind(genre) Time.
How
so to make a machine of it to move in the time? At first by means of the Black
Hole to create a shortcut of space-time. It is here that it is necessary to
remind that the time of equations is reversible. If in the positive time corresponds
a Black Hole, in the negative time the opposite of the Black Hole has to
correspond: a White Hole - disturbing! - or rather a " White Fountain
". Indeed, while any material(subject) is gobbled up with the Black Hole,
the White Fountain throws back(rejects) material(subject). It is a question
then of sticking a Black Hole on a White Fountain in our universe to create a
" Hole of Worm ", in other words a spatiotemporal bridge. But it is
only first stage in the elaboration of our machine to travel in the time,
because the Hole of Worm establishes(constitutes) a spatial shortcut, not
another temporal shortcut.
Second
stage consists in dragging the entrance(entry) of the Hole of Worm to create a
temporal gap with the exit. Place with Kip Thorne and with the Consortium.
Kip Thorne and the Consortium
One
can not speak about the contribution of Kip Thorne in the reflection on the
possibility of moving in the time without speaking about the
"Consortium".
[3][3]The Consortium is established(constituted)
by seven researchers distributed on two continents and which think to conceive
a machine to travel in the time. The two more known by them are the American
physicist Kip Thorne and the Russian physicist Igor Novikov. Further to the demand of the writer Carl Sagan for Kip Thorne to
suggest him(her) a scientifically valid means travelling in the space through a
shortcut of space-time, Thorne and Novikov
realizes that, under certain conditions, this shortcut can
establish(constitute) a " Buckle of the Kind(genre) Time ", in other
words a machine to travel in the time.
Solution
proposed with Kip Thorne and his(her) students Michael Morris and Ulvi
Yurtsever consists in leaving fixed extremity white fountain of the sticking
" hole white black - fountain " which we evoked higher, and to take
away or to zigzag extremity black hole in a just speed lower than that of the
light.
Theory
of relativity learnt us that the appropriate(clean) time of an object which
travels in a speed close to that of the light is slow. Consequently, extremity
Black Hole in movement will see are appropriate(clean) time to slow down with
regard to that of the extremity White Fountain: " The drainage of time
does not so have to be the same for two mouths. On the other hand, seen with
the inside of the hole, they are for the rest the one with regard to the other
one, what means that the drainage of time has to be the same for two mouths
", says Thorne.
We
have so two mouths of a Hole of Worm, him(her,it) one fixes, the other one in
movement in the space to a speed close to that of the light. The length the
tunnel through the hyperspace, that is the bridge which connects two mouths,
has a constant length of 30cm.
Let
us imagine ourselves what it means through the adventure imagined with Very kip
Thorne.
1/01/2000
at 9 o'clock in the morning, the vessel of the family Thorne leaves in the space with, in the edge, Carolee, the woman(wife) of Kip Thorne,
and one of the mouths of the Hole of Worm. During all the journey, Thorne holds the hand of his(her) woman(wife) through the Hole of Worm, which,
let us call back(remind) it, measures only 30cm, and watches, by the Hole of
Worm, the own hand and the head getting through the other mouth, static, of the
Hole of Worm. Soon, he sees, through this hole, his woman(wife) of return in
the garden this(they) 1/01/2000 at 21 o'clock, is after 12 hours of journey
according to Carolee's watch.
Nevertheless,
at 21. 01 ', when it(he) takes out the head of the hole and looks by the window,
it Kip Thorne discovers an empty lawn. But with a rather
powerful telescope, he sees in the sky the vessel of his wife at the very
beginning of his journey, who is going to last ten years according to his watch
to him. And effectively, 1/01/2010, the vessel lands in the garden of Thorne with Carolee only older of 12
hours(hr), while Kip aged of 10 years. " It is the " paradox of the
twins " known well: for the " twin " ultraexpress which goes
away then returns [ Carolee],
journey lasts only 12 hours, whereas the one that remains on earth(ground) [I]
has to wait for 10 years the return of his(her) " twin " ",
calls back(reminds) Thorne.
What
sees his(her) woman(wife) Carolee? During the journey, she holds the hand of
her husband and sees the head in 2000. Also, Thorne sees ten years younger. If it(he) slides in the mouth of the vessel,
it(he) appears by the other mouth 1/01/2000 at 21 hr. In the same way, if the
" young person myself crosses the hole of worm 1/01/2000, it(he) will
appear from the other mouth 1/01/2010. Pass in a direction(management) by the
hole of worm return me ten years behind, pass in the other
direction(management) send me ten years forward ". But let us not forget
that it is impossible to go back up(raise) time before 1/01/2000 at 9 hr, or
before the moment when the Hole of Worm became a temporal machine, a Buckle of
the Kind(genre) Time.
An
important problem in the realization of a Buckle of the Kind(genre) Time
consists in maintaining the Black Hole opened for a long time to allow the
traveler to dive there and to cross the bridge until the White Fountain. All
which is necessary, according to Thorne,
it is a field gravitationnel
strong, is a body enough massive, for example a planet, which would evolve near
the mouth of the Black Hole and would pull(entail) him(her,it) in the
journey(running) by attraction gravitationnelle,
as an ass follows the carrot that one puts in him(her) under the nose. Another
way of proceeding would be to add to the mouth of the Black Hole a sufficiency
of electric load(responsibility) and to pull(entail) it by means of an electric
field. But it is not everything. We saw that Tipler's theory required the
existence of exotic material(subject). It is the possibility that envisages
also Thorne to maintain opened the mouth of the Hole of
Worm.
This
exotic material(subject) is the negative energy; she(it) would allow to cancel
the positive energy which urges the mouth to close on herself(itself), to end
in a stable state where global energy is nobody. It is important to clarify
that it is here about negative material(subject) and not of
antimaterial(antisubject). Indeed, composition " material(subject) +
antimaterial(antisubject) " would provoke an explosion and a release of
considerable energy, what would have annoying consequences for the traveler of
time, whereas the association positive material(subject) negative
material(subject) is without danger for him.
It
remains, having pulled(entailed) one of the mouths of the hole of worm in a
speed close to that of the light, to return her(it) near the other mouth, which
remained static. It doesn't much matter that it is about a distant or circular,
provided journey that a sufficient difference of time is marked between the
clocks of the repository two. The mobile mouth - again fixed-, is younger than
the static mouth.
Finally,
what worries Thorne and the Consortium, and it is what marks
down them physicists who preceded them in this type of reflection, it is not
only the practical aspect bound(connected) to the realization of a machine to
travel in the time. They have also the concern to establish a logical
set(group) of equations which protects the physical bases of first-rate
paradoxes bound(connected) to the journey in the time, to avoid violating the
laws of the causality. We shall develop and shall analyze their arguments in
the last section of this attempt.
[4][4]The Consortium tries
hard to resolve physical and logical problems bound(connected) to the movement
in the time through a " B.G.T
". A Buckle of the Kind(genre) Time. The Consortium does not face
situations implying human beings, but those that bring in objects, in this
particular case balls of billiard table, and bring its contribution to the
resolution of the paradoxes of the causality. Situation studied by Thorne and his(her) students was proposed to them by the professor Polchinski.
The professor Polchinski describes them the following situation: it(he)
imagines a Hole of Worm converted in machine to travel in the time, whose two
mouths are near one of the other one in our universe and not only in the
hyperspace. A ball of billiard table enters a mouth, goes back up(raises) time
and spring by the other mouth before having entered the first, and collides
earlier herself(itself), refraining so from entering the first mouth, and from
colliding herself(itself). Is a variant of the paradox of the matricide for
inanimate objects. Question is: Can one find solutions of the equations which
authorize the ball to contact herself(itself) without refraining from going
into the hole of worm?
Answer
is: yes!
Let
us see of what consists this experience(experiment).
Kip
Thorne and its team imagine that they managed to master a Hole of Worm and to make
a machine of it to travel in the time. They throw(launch) a ball of billiard
table towards the Hole of Worm:
The
ball leaves only,
Go
into a mouth of the Hole of Worm
And
spring 15 ' earlier by the other mouth of the Hole of Worm
To
cross herself(itself) before she(it) goes into the mouth.
The
ball contacts younger itself, diverts the career of its younger clone, but not
enough to prevent him(it) from entering the mouth of the Hole of Worm.
Consequently,
process continues and logic is respected.
This
experience(experiment) of thought leads(drives) the Consortium to assert that
the universe authorizes only solutions of the equations which are
auto-substantial, logical. This way of seeing things things is positive in two
levels. At first, because, if everything is allowed, more possible physical
appearance(physics). Then, because the physics of the daily life is in the
habit of falling on solutions mathematically but not physically possible, and
she(it) does not take into account it.
Besides,
the Consortium always found an auto-substantial solution of a situation which
presents a paradoxical solution. There is even sometimes an infinity of
auto-substantial solutions, what calls back(reminds) situations met in the
quantum world. Let us remind that the object of the quantum physics, they are
the " waves of probability ", that is the chances to find such
"element" in such place or in such moment. The object of the quantum
physics has no career " as in classic physical appearance(physics), but
"divides up" between several careers having each a probability to be
the maid. That is why one can then use Feynman's calculation of "
sum(dream) on histories " - history for career - which allows to determine
the most likely solutions in a given situation.
This
method has a double merit:
-this
calculation takes into account auto-weak solutions, contribution of which is so
weak as it does not influence really the progress of the
experience(experiment).
[5][5]-d a certain way,
the ball of billiard table is aware(conscious) of all the possible roads for
her(it). Now possible, it is future. And there are much more possibilities of
careers with the presence of the mouth of the Hole of Worm, that is of a
machine to travel in the time, working hypothesis of the Consortium, that
without her(it). Kip Thorne says which a calculation on the possible behavior
of the ball before even the construction of a machine to travel in the time
should have to indicate to us if the construction of the machine will be
possible or not, according to the number of possible careers revealed by the
calculation. It is so as if future influenced the behavior of the ball. Future,
it is the fact that there is a Hole of Worm or not. According to the number of
careers which is susceptible to borrow(take) the ball, one can determine the
future existence or not of a Hole of Worm: " It is completely general
line(feature) of the quantum physics with Buckles of the Kind(genre) Time
", underlines Kip Thorne.
As
for him, Igor Novikov proposes an adaptation to the
physics, of the principle of natural selection: " If there is in a problem
a not auto-substantial solution and the other one auto-substantial, nature will
choose the auto-substantial ".
Thorne and his(her) students do not face the question of the free arbitrator,
although it was in the centre of the strongest criticisms after the publication
of their article: " Holes of worm, machine to travel in the time and weak
condition of the energy ". They content with analyzing the behavior of
inanimate simple objects travelling in the time, some electromagnetic waves.
They conclude from it that no insoluble paradox is bound(connected) to it and
assert even that there will be no insoluble paradox for any inanimate
object.
For
Kip Thorne, " These two situations [that where
the ball of billiard table so diverts the career of its clone into which he can
not penetrate into the mouth of the Hole of Worm, and that where Kip Thorne goes back up(raises) in the time to kill his mother] have no
sense(direction) it is so totally impossible that the ball of billiard table or
I can go back up(raise) time and change our own histories ". But Thorne asserts it in the name of the coherence of the laws of the physics at
classic level, not at quantum level.
Now
it is not exactly a question of "demonstrating" him(it). The solution
which proposes Kip Thorne consists in taking into account "
initial conditions of a phenomenon: " For exact initial conditions
(position and speed of the ball) which lead(drive) to Polchinski's paradox, are
there the other careers of the ball which are logically coherent
solutions with the laws of the physics which govern the classic balls of
billiard table? ". Calculations show that there are two valid privileged
predictions, as well as an infinity of the others less likely but so valid. But
Thorne and his(her) co-workers do not demonstrate
"physically" why auto-coherent solution is chosen rather than an
auto-contradictory solution. It is as to answer the question: Why do we exist?
By " Because we exist " or rather by " Because we can exist
" , " Because everything carries(wears) to believe - probability, but
which probability? - that we can exist ". Really, Kip Thorne and his team answer " by the band(strip) " the question
lifted(raised) by the professor Polchinski. The calculations of the quantum
physics come to their help to determine which solution will be chosen. They are
satisfied with it, but they recognize that the " laws of the quantum
gravity hide us answer to the question to know if the Holes of Worm can be
really converted in machine to to go back up(raise) time ". After all, Kip
Thorne remains very sceptic.
On
the question of the pure determinism implied by the resolution of the paradoxes
of the matricide and the causality, the Consortium emits(utters) an interesting
idea. According to the classic physics, outside the Buckles of the Kind(genre)
Time, world is determinist. " What happens at the given moment is
completely determined by all which happened before (or after) ". So
journey in the time does not oppose any more to the free arbitrator than makes
him(it) a classic event.
Let
us call back(remind) essential difference between the classic, macroscopic
world, and the quantum, sub-tiny world.
Kip
Thorne and its team imagine that they managed to master a Hole of Worm and to
make a machine of it to travel in the time. They throw(launch) a ball of
billiard table towards the Hole of Worm:
The
ball leaves only,
Go
into a mouth of the hole of worm
And
spring 15 ' earlier by the other mouth of the Hole of Worm
To
cross herself(itself) before she(it) goes into the mouth.
The
crossed ball is not the same that the initial ball, because this one was alone.
The
crossed ball goes into the hole
And
spring 15 ' earlier
To
follow the one that crosses herself.
This
crossed ball is not the same that the initial ball which was alone, or that the
second ball which was crossed only by a single ball.
The
ball crossed with two balls goes into the hole
And
spring 15 ' earlier
To
follow the one that follows the one that crosses herself.
This
crossed ball is not the same that the initial ball which was alone, either that
the second ball which was not crossed that by a single ball, or that the third
ball which was crossed only by two balls.
Et
cetera in the infinity.
One
has so a ball crossed by an infinity of herself(itself).
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